Project Evaluation (TV NEWS PRODUCTION)

Project Evaluation

Introduction

The first assignment returning into the second year on TV News has been an unexpected, quick, and challenging team project. By being unexpected, the second lockdown was confirmed and making my team feel concerned about the unknown journey we're going to be taking. For it being quick, was the unexpectedness of how much time we were given to create our idea and that's not to say this was a negative reaction of knowing the time we were all given, it was showing to us how quick and fast-paced the TV news industry works. Finally, the challenging side was working during the Corona Virus pandemic and how we would find the safest strategies for filming our TV News segment, and how we would adapt to working in the film and TV industry. In this project evaluation, I shall be explaining from the start of this group project what our idea was, my own job role in the team, the content research I looked into, the pre-production paperwork I worked on, the filming events I participated in, using all of my references from my previous blog posts to the specific aspects and my overall opinions of what worked well, what didn't work so well and how I could adapt and improve for future projects. 

Rough Design Of Our Logo

Idea

When I was teamed up with my group, we started thinking of our ideas with regards to subjects and even our own news channel name. We firstly decided on our News Package, to discuss the new iPhone 12 and by presenting a story about whether the tech company Apple with the phones new editions and are whether to sell them as a favor for the environment or whether it's a money scam from the company instead. To be more specific, the new phone has a smaller box and the new ear pods and chargers come with the phone separately and for the buyer to pay extra for those items. To get more perspective on the subject, we thought we would need an individual who is an expert and another individual who is passionate and cares for the environment. For the OB story, I had the thought of doing a live story on the second temporary shutdown of Cineworld cinemas and find a contributor who is classed as a Cineworld customer for a long time and ask from the individuals perspective on the situation and how they feel from their opinion and reaction. After we decided on our news package and live OB stories, we had a thought about our name and what it may represent, an afterthought had come from Stan, he came up with the name "Global Link News". I had thought by using the word global, it's a news channel that can be aimed at all regions and stories based from around the world, instead of one country. We decided the age demographic group, would be focused between the ages of 18 - 30, and we wanted to use that demographic group as we believed that they would receive more of an understanding and knowledge from our news stories. 

Live OB Story Cineworld cinemas

News Package Story iPhone 12

Job Roles From the Group

Matt Park (Me) - Director, Producer, Interviewer for the Live Broadcast Story and Production Paperwork 

Sydney Kraft - Researcher, Anchor, and Interviewer for the News Package Story

Katie Lovell - Co-Director, Director of Photography

Stanley Graham - Editor, Gaffer 

Research

When I began my research into the TV news assignment, I started reading a book called Broadcast Journalism Techniques of Radio and Television News by Andrew Boyd (Boyd, A. (2001) and I had read the ninth chapter on interviewing (Boyd, A. 2001, pp. 138 - 152), and most importantly it was about setting up an interview, with the best advice, tips, and the different aspects of when arranging an interview for a story. I had chosen this book from the reading list from the handbook, and I wanted to read a chapter on interviewing because I had some thought and interest in participating as an interviewer for a job role in the group. The book gave me some excellent advice and in detail of interviewing in the TV news industry, with the appropriate use of body language, taking in the use of time management before running out of time, and giving the six simple words to ask in an interview which is who, what, when, where, why, and how. Using those six words will always be an essential use, for the near future and when it comes to doing interviews for a Documentary and of course a TV news format in film/TV making. 

When I was continuing my research, I started researching the iPhone 12 and Cineworld Cinemas, this was with regards to the similarities of our concept and to articles and websites I had found. To give me, more of an understanding and to improve my own knowledge of these two different subjects. I started looking into information on the iPhone 12, from where I started on an article on a website called PC and the title called No Charger in the Box? Everything You Need to Know About Charging the iPhone 12 by Terrance Gaines, (Gaines, T. 2020). An article about what's to be included with the new phone, the positives, and negatives editions that Gaines discuss about and he focuses more on specifically with the charging cable, and the reasons why I researched into this was to benefit myself and learn more on technical subjects on devices and I personally do not have a passionate and huge knowledge on technical objects in devices, however, I just thought this was a helpful opportunity to learn more for our news package. A second article I had found on the iPhone 12, focuses on a perspective from an individual named C. Scott Brown called The Charger - Less iPhone 12 isn't as eco - friendly as Apple wants you to think (C, S. Brown 2020). The article, Is about Brown's own opinion and concern that Apple is not being friendly to the environment, he goes into detail regarding the financial side of purchasing the new phone and how much more extra money you have to pay for the usual other objects that come with the phone, for example, the Ear Pods and of course the charger as well, and it's mainly focused on the currency of money from the United States, instead of the United Kingdom. I wanted to look into this article, to listen and read someone's own opinion and concern with Apple and the phone. Looking into more evidence and information on why Apple is facing the problem of trying to charge more buyers then instead of thinking about the environment. 

Starting on my research for the live OB story on Cineworld cinemas, I looked into articles from familiar and professional media sites on the situation of the second closure of Cineworld cinemas around the UK and US. I started with an article from BBC News called Cineworld to shut down UK screens after Bond film delay by BBC journalist Bill Wilson (Wilson, B 2020). The article focuses on the concerns of the job loss at 5,550 individuals, the problem of the new James Bond film No Time To Die has been delayed for the third time, hoping that it was going to be the next big release after Christopher Nolan's Tenet, opinions from Wilson himself and receiving quotes and statements from the CEO of the UK Cinemas association about his own honest and disappointing opinion of how and why this situation has happened. I wanted to research this article, to look into the opinions and perspectives from the business side of the situation, and to see what useful information and questions I could include in my live OB story inspired by Wilson's own information. The second article I had found on the second closure of Cineworld cinemas, was from a different and very critical perspective, the article is called Tenet didn't just fail to save cinema, it may well have killed it for good, by a journalist from The Guardian named Guy Lodge, (Lodge, G. 2020). Discussing the film Tenet on being the film to save cinemas during a global pandemic, by explaining about the positives for the film becoming the third grossing film of the year, with an estimate of moreover of two hundred thirty - five million globally and the negative side is that some members of the public around the world weren't feeling prepared and even confident to return to the cinema during a global pandemic. Finally, on the mixed opinions of reviews from critics and audiences on the film's presentation. I wanted to look into this article, to see and be explained by the film being disappointed from its mission and from using my own opinions of why it's shown improvement and effort, however, it still has not achieved its full goal from my blog post. By looking into these two articles from two completely different media sites, it was to combine their perspectives and see what information, quotes, and statements could be useful for when I start filming my live OB broadcast on Cineworld cinema's second closure based on these multiple arguments. 

When I started working on my three analysis posts, it truly was a challenging process to go through and I really was trying to combine any of the aspects relevant and influencing my project as well. For the first analysis, I looked into a video called Are Our Phones Listening To Us? (BBC News, 2019), an interesting and unsettling story with social media apps including Facebook interfering with phone user's private information, with the amount of use of adverts. I had used this example for my first analysis, with the theme and story about technology and using the theme as another example to be a problem for society. The use of camera work gave me some thought and inspiration for how I would want to film part of the news package, considering though, I am mostly focused on directing and filming the live OB story. For the second analysis, I had chosen one live outside broadcast and one live broadcast that took place online. The live outside broadcast being about, The Bridge Jones Baby film premiere at the Leicester Square, and the video were called Colin Firth, Patrick Dempsey & Renee Zellweger interview at the premiere of Bridget Jones's Baby The Bridge Jones Baby film premiere at the Leicester Square (BBC London, 2016) and where the main cast of the film was interviewed live and discussing the positive atmosphere of the film's upcoming release. I had chosen this live OB news piece, because of the focus on film and of course cinema. I had mentioned in the original blog post, that by moving the live interview online, this example shows how I would have filmed my live ob outside one of the Cineworld's, with regards to using similar shots and all being in one take. Moving onto the second video called Prof Robert Kelly Is Back & This Time His Wife & Children Are Meant To Be In Shot!. (BBC News, 2017). An alternative online live interview, with Analysis for South Korea Professor Robert Kelly and his family return on the BBC News, after a previous live online interview that was a distraction and became an internet trend. I wanted to use this second video, to show as an example of filming a live online interview and by showing the right body language of how I would take from this video as a reference. For both videos, I already mentioned combing the videos and tearing them apart, to match the relevance and influences of filming a live broadcast, instead of not now being able to film a live OB story. Finally, on the third and final analysis blog post on the BBC News Breakfast, called COVID: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser (BBC, 2020). Showing the headlines to come from its structure and presentation, however, mainly focusing the first headline on COVID - 19. Still, from the branding, graphics, and presentation this BBC News Breakfast programme has shown the importance of what must come first from the headlines and stories and as I mentioned in the original blog post, it's showing the mixture format capturing in TV News making. I had chosen this example, to see and follow how the BBC presents its headlines in the essential and correct order it needs to be from very serious to something a lot lighter. 

What Went Well/ What I Have Learned (RESEARCH)

I think what has been challenging but at the same time successful on a quality path, from all of my research and references it has been an interesting route of combining them together based on the individual research blog posts from more than one reference. For example, the second analysis post (BBC London, 2016) & (BBC News, 2017), combing two completely different themes on cinema and South Korea affairs distraction interview becoming an internet sensation, and the two videos show different aspects of how I want to achieve my live piece. So I have learned, to go along on a creative path, you can achieve and find more than one reference that may not present as the exact same theme and the story I want to achieve as well, however, by using that triangular route from the original blog post, has made myself feel proud on the research path. 

Even Better If/ What Could Have Gone Better (RESEARCH)

I think what could have gone better for this unit in the research stage, is by giving more time with the unit instead of it being a seven-week and that may have to do with how much later we returned after the summer break and the first lockdown. From the reading list, I possibly could have read more, from different books and maybe get more than one perspective on the knowledge of interviews from different authors, instead of Andrew Boyd. I wished I had more time also on researching the iPhone 12 and to this day writing this evaluation, I still don't feel that I haven't understood the entire issue of the controversy on the iPhone 12. 

Pre - Production

When pre-production had begun for my group, I had made a list of what I needed to get done individually, individual tasks before the pre-production deadline, and what I needed to include into the pitch presentation. By juggling my tasks, I had started working on to complete the production paperwork and to make sure I had got the equipment booked in and ready for our filming dates, which is mostly for the green screen room. From my individual and previous blog posts, I had created and completed a shot list, storyboard, and the two risk assessments for my live online interview and the Green Screen. 

Individual Slides On The Pitch Presentation

In the first slide, I introduced the OB story on the second closure of Cineworld cinemas. 

The second slide I introduced, was on our main and only contributor for the live OB story and who is Michael Mowbray. A long-time cinema-goer, who is a customer/ unlimited customer at Cineworld, and who for many other individuals, has been affected and has a perspective on how and why the cinema company has had to close down. 

Emailing Ferg to book in equipment for the date, and ask in detail of what filming equipment my group wishes to require for the green screen room. 

Emailing Katie to inform her of completing both of the risk assessments, plus to ask her to sign her signature as the COVID supervisor. 

Emailing Laura with the attachments of the two completed risk assessments and waiting for her signature and confirmation. 

A reply from Laura, with the confirmation, signed for both of the risk assessments and for the Green Screen one ready to be handed into Ferg.  

What Went Well/ What I Have Learned (PRE - PRODUCTION)

For what went well through the pre-production process, I had kept my motivation and independence going for what tasks I needed to get completed before the pre-production deadline came around to date. From when I started reaching out and choosing my contributor for the live OB story on Cineworld cinemas, I had felt confident and satisfied with having Michael Mowbray as the right choice and I knew he would bring along a perspective for the story and on the situation regarding with the story. When I moved onto the pre-production paperwork, there were moments of difficulties trying to take in the patience and the long process of completing the risk assessments, especially with the change of having a COVID - 19 areas of questions and by trying to take in this temporary change for when organizing filming dates. However, on the positive side, it was useful to be aware and learn of these new and temporary rules, instructions, and information of the COVID - 19 restrictions to be in place. From what I have learned through the pre-production process also, with how difficult and new of the journey through film and TV making from the current situation is at the moment, I have learned for even in TV news, there is always another way if outside filming is not a possibility at the moment and with the thought and doubt of not getting permission from the Kent Film Office and my own contributor not feeling confident and comfortable meeting in person for his interview when the second lockdown was confirmed, I had decided for my contributor's safety we would move the interview online instead and I thought by changing the format of filming an interview, it would show a realistic approach of how most interviews are filmed in these present times and during the year 2020. When I had made that decision for moving the interview online, I quickly attended my local Cineworld cinema and to capture quick shots of the building for the edit and the intro of when we're presenting the story. I understood now, this was not classed as a live outside broadcast anymore, however, though, I had thought the story can now be known as a live online broadcast instead. 

Even Better If/ What Could Have Gone Better (PRE PRODUCTION)

For even better if I could have possibly reached out and contacted another cinema goer, for them to participate in the live online interview and to receive more perspective on the second closure and how they have reacted to the situation and I had initially wanted an individual who works at a cinema to interview them on the situation and to see the complete difference from a customer to an employer/ employee on the consequences of the second closure, I had been informed from another member of my team that I would have to contact the highest levels of individuals, and I was also informed that they wouldn't have been comfortable and allowed to be interviewed for a type of story and situation regarding the second closure and the negative impact of cinemas in the industry. From what could have gone better during the pre-production stage, I had felt that myself and another team member was the only individuals trying to put together our pitch presentation and the production paperwork, we had asked the other two individuals to create a storyboard and shot list, however, by the day of our pitch and making it the final day of pre-production, I had felt that I had no other choice but to create them by myself and visualizing the story, shots and the presentation of the specific moments to be presented from the entire news segment. Another experience moment that I thought was the most negative and the least successful part of the pre-production stage, was the pitch presentation. The whole problem was that there were a miss-communication and slides that forgot to be included in and this did not help that I was the only member of the team, that attended a lecture on what was needed to be included in the pitch presentation and I screenshotted as much information I could to forward over to my team members who were all absent. After the pitch wasn't a success as we hoped for it to be, I took time to myself and moved onto the next stage which production had officially begun. 

The first screenshot of the pitch information, I had sent over to my team

The second screenshot of the pitch information, I had sent over to my team.

Filming

When production had officially begun, I had participated in two production shoots. The first one being, the live, online interview with my contributor Micahel Mowbray on Thursday 12th November located from my own house. The second and final shoot was in the green screen room at the studios on Wednesday 18th November, which was all of us as a group, filming Sydney as the news presenter/anchor of presenting both the stories of news package, live OB and our intro of Global-Link News. 

Live Online Interview With Contributor

Interview, online, and live on Zoom with my contributor Michael Mowbray, where we both used our laptop/computer cameras, and Michael himself using his own Rode microphone for sound. I had used some of my own film posters as a background, to represent the subject of cinema we were discussing with each other. 

Using my own laptop camera for picture, a desk for the position from static, and placing the laptop on for framing. Using borrowed LED lights from a relative's friend and for this Quick Time camera on the laptop to test the lighting inside my living room of the house. Notes on the side, on it, is an introduction to my contributor, the list of questions, and concluding the interview. 

What Went Well/ I Have Learned (Filming The Online, Live Interview)

For what went well on the online interview with my contributor, myself and the contributor took our time with pace to asking and answering the questions and I felt the contributor himself done an excellent job at answering the questions with honesty and passion for his care and support to the subject of cinema. The contributor himself felt calm and comfortable, he never needed a break and didn't feel confused with the questions, nor uncomfortable with the position he was in to answer the three questions I asked him. Before we began, I'd made sure to ask him if he had any questions or concerns about the interview and the individual himself was already feeling prepared and ready to get going. I started with a slow three-second countdown from my fingers before we began and if any of us made a mistake with regards to struggling to represent a word or representing a meaning, we stop repeat the slow three-second countdown again and to not ruin any of the continuity. We completed the interview, with three takes and I always gave feedback to my contributor after we stopped recording and the contributor didn't have any problems or disagreements with my feedback to him. After I concluded the interview, I sent over the raw files to my team members on our shared one drive and I was received positive feedback. They were most satisfied with the second take, however, I was more satisfied with the third and final take, and there weren't any arguments or disagreements we thought to stick to the third take in the end. From what I have learned, was to always keep to the script and questions, keep our time-limited, and not go off or over on the subject. I had felt I was thinking of the limited time we had, presenting my questions in a calm, short pace and simple to my contributor and this was a piece of helpful advice from the book I read by Andrew Boyd (Boyd, A. 2001), focusing on the what, who, where, how and why. 

Even Better If/ What Could Have Gone Better

For what could have gone better and even better if route, when I was setting up my interview, I did originally wanted to film inside my bedroom and have a background of a huge film collection, however, when I was setting up I had poor lighting and not that much room, and space was feeling narrow and awkward for positioning my laptop with regards to framing. This was because my double bed taking the majority space of in the center of my room and after that failure of the setup, I decided to move down to my living room, and what I should have done for further thought, is to test the original set up days before the interview happened and see if it would have worked in the first place. The only issue I had with my online interview and with my contributor, was after the first take, my screen had frozen thinking I had a technical problem from my side of the location, however, I had found out my contributor's internet went down and we lost our connection together on Zoom. My contributor was messaging me, to inform me that he was trying to reboot his internet while I was waiting. After some time, he messaged me to inform he wasn't having any potential to get his internet back up and running, which started to make me feel concerned about the interview wasn't going to go forward with more takes and be canceled for the evening. However, though, my contributor managed with luck to get his wifi back on running again and we got our signal back on Zoom and we continued the interview with the next two takes. It's a difficulty that's out of our hands, for my own advice I should next time just remain calm and the alternative route would have been for myself to reschedule with my contributor next time.  

Green Screen Room

Framing Sydney in front of the camera

The production set up in the Green Screen Room, with a glass table, chair, two LED lights, and the 4K Panasonic Camera.  

Sydney prepared and ready to go LIVE

The crew prepared and ready to go LIVE as well

A GIF video, of our team in the Green Screen Room and working on our production shoot. 

What Went Well/ What I Have Learned (Filming Inside The Green Screen Room)

For what went well, I had felt from all of the previous events we've experienced inside using the green screen room, I felt we all took our time filming this news segment. We all felt at the most in confidence using the equipment, feeling satisfied with the number of takes we did for Sydney presenting the stories, and filming the intro of our news channel. I personally felt, as a team, we were feeling at the most in confidence and in control of what we were all doing and I believed this had helped because of all of us working together in person, instead of working together online, and by using the right communication, the right tone, and the right time we took to film this news segment. We were fully aware, that Ferg and Mike had a teaching day with the first years, it was sometimes difficult to ask for their help when there was any small minor issues, when we did have an issue I sometimes checked outside to see if any of them was available and when they were not, we tried to work as independent and of course as a team when we did and could. From what I have learned after we concluded the filming in the green screen room when I was transferring all of the raw footage on our shared one drive, I noticed how slow it was taking for all of it to go on the system and a lot of time was taken, however, when my lift was on its way, for a backup plan I decided for a beneficial way, was to back up the footage on my own hard drive and the process truly took a lot quicker and so I could give Fergus back the SD card. When I returned home, I uploaded the rest of the footage from my hard drive to my team's shared one drive. In the future, I will always make sure to transfer the footage on my hard drive and then upload it on a shared one drive. 

Even Better If/ What Could Have Gone Better (Filming Inside The Green Screen Room)

For what could have gone better and for even better if, there was a difficulty and unexpected problem with the tablet we were using that had on our script on the software we were using for Sydney to read. When I collected the right tablet and which was known as tablet number one, which I checked before leaving the studios the time before I was there, for some strange reason the script was lost from the software and we had to retype the whole script again whilst setting up in the green screen room. I believe the reason why we lost the script, for it was out of our hands the tablet seemed to have an automatic software update. I guess for further improvement, is to back up the script from the software to another tablet next time and by double-checking that we've backed up somewhere else. 

Post - Production/Branding, YouTube Channel

Due to my job role in the group, I didn't participate in working on editing the Global Link News stories segments. However, I had been kept updated on the progress, by also receiving photos of the graphics, branding, YouTube channel, and other important updated information regarding post-production. I am though overall satisfied with these photos below, from the tone of the color is blue, the font and the branding itself looking very technical with supporting our theme, subject matter, and of course our target demographic audiences.

Official Global Link News Logo 

YouTube Channel Design 

Branding Background Graphics 

Conclusion

In conclusion, this truly has been a very fast-paced experience and a group project that has sometimes been positive to work with, however, sometimes been negative to work with. I am proud of what we have tried to show from our News Package story, our live OB story given the current circumstances, and the contributors we've reached out to participate in our news segments. If the pandemic never happened, I believe we would have tried to reach out to more contributors and achieve more in perspective, views, opinions, and other points of view that could have expanded the arguments based on our stories in TV news. From a personal opinion on the subject of TV news, I do not think it's a career path I would want to follow again, however, I have just appreciated been given the seven weeks of learning and how differently TV news works and how different the process can take compared to the industry of fiction than in the industry of reality. The overall experience has been a different and new subject in the media career path and I shall remember the experience I was given. 

Bibliography From Entire Project

1.] Boyd, A. (2001) Broadcast Journalism Techniques of Radio and Television News (5th ed.) Oxford: Focal Press.

At: https://www.academia.edu/34484921/_Andrew_Boyd_Broadcast_Journalism_Fifth_Edition_b_ok_org_

(Accessed 22/10/20) 

2.] Boyd, A. (2001) Andrew Boyd: INTERVIEWING 9 Setting Up The Interview: Oxford: pp. 138 - 152 

3.] Gaines, T. (2020) 'No Charger in the Box? Everything You Need to Know About Charging the iPhone 12' At: https://uk.pcmag.com/mobile-phones/129523/no-charger-in-the-box-everything-you-need-to-know-about-charging-the-iphone-12 

4.] C, S. Brown (2020) 'The Charger - Less iPhone 12 Isn't As Eco - Friendly As Apple Wants You To Think' At: https://www.androidauthority.com/iphone-12-charger-1170086/ 

5.] Wilson, B. (2020) 'Cineworld to Shut Down UK Screens After Bond Film'. 

At: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-54407213 (Accessed 28/10/2020) 

6.] BBC News  https://www.bbc.co.uk/ (Accessed 28/10/2020) 

7.] Lodge, G. (2020) 'Tenet didn't just fail to save cinema - it may well have killed it for good'

At: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/oct/06/tenet-didnt-just-fail-to-save-cinema-it-may-well-have-killed-it-for-good (Accessed 30/10/2020) 

8.] The Guardian  https://www.theguardian.com/uk (Accessed 30/10/2020) 

7.] Are our phones listening to us? - BBC News (2019) [Report Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGjHajL29S0 (Accessed 2/11/20). 

8.] BBC News (2019) Are our phones listening to us? -https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC16niRr50-MSBwiO3YDb3RA (Accessed 2/11/20). 

9.] Wojcicki, S. (2014) YouTube At: https://www.youtube.com/ (Accessed 2/11/20). 

10.] Figure 1. YouTube Are our phones listening to us? 2019 YouTube. Retrieved November 2nd, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGjHajL29S0&t=33s Screenshot by BBC News.

11.] Figure 2. YouTube Are our phones listening to us? 2019 YouTube. Retrieved November 2nd, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGjHajL29S0&t=33s Screenshot by BBC News. 

12.] Figure 3. YouTube Are our phones listening to us? 2019 YouTube. Retrieved November 2nd, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGjHajL29S0&t=33s Screenshot by BBC News.

13.] Wojcicki, S. (2014) YouTube At: https://www.youtube.com/ (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

14.] Colin Firth, Patrick Dempsey & Renee Zellweger interview at the premiere of Bridget Jones's Baby (2016) [Outisde Broadcast Live Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIzPhgIU1t0 (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

15.] BBC London (2016) Colin Firth, Patrick Dempsey & Renee Zellweger interview at the premiere of Bridget Jones's Baby https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBwejc-awS-mANgrkHQ5-6A (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

16.] Needham, C. (1990) Bridget Jones Baby https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1473832/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_6 (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

17.] Prof Robert Kelly is back & this time his wife & children are meant to be in shot! BBC News [Online Broadcast Live Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLMSoD1riE0&t=180s (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

18.] BBC News (2017) Prof Robert Kelly is back & this time his wife & children are meant to be in shot! BBC News https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC16niRr50-MSBwiO3YDb3RA (Accessed 12/11/2020) 

19.] Sundar, P. (2015) https://www.google.com/search?q=professor+robert+kelly&oq=profrobert+kelly+&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0i7i30l5j69i61l2.13680j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 (Accessed 12/11/2020)

20.] Wojcicki, S. (2014) YouTube At: https://www.youtube.com/ (Accessed 20/11/20) 

21.] COVID: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC (2020) [News Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go (Accessed 20/11/20)

22.] BBC (2020) COVID: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCj956IF62FbT7Gouszaj9w (Accessed 20/11/20)

23.] Figure 1. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

24.] Figure 2. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

25.] Figure 3. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

26.] Figure 4. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

27.] Figure 5. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News LiveBBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

28.] Figure 6. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

29.] Figure 7. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

30.] Figure 8. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

31.] Figure 9. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

32.] Figure 10. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

33.] Figure 11. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20h, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

34.] Figure 12. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

35.] Figure 13. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

36.] Figure 14. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC. 

37.] Figure 15. YouTube (2020) Covid: England tier system may need strengthening - government adviser @BBC News Live BBC YouTube. Retrieved November 20th, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ulaOM44go Screenshot by BBC.